Tom 15 (2018)
Przekłady

Ewolucjonizm darwinowski w świetle genomiki

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  • Eugene V. Koonin

Opublikowane 25.05.2021

Słowa kluczowe

  • darwinizm,
  • Nowoczesna Synteza,
  • genomika ewolucyjna,
  • biologia systemowa,
  • Postnowoczesna Synteza biologii ewolucyjnej,
  • dobór oczyszczający,
  • neutralne procesy ewolucyjne,
  • nieadaptacjonistyczna teoria ewolucji
    • ...More
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Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0 Międzynarodowe.

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Koonin , Eugene V. “Ewolucjonizm Darwinowski W świetle Genomiki”. Filozoficzne Aspekty Genezy , vol. 15, May 2021, pp. 283-70, https://doi.org/10.53763/fag.2018.15.154.

Abstrakt

Genomika porównawcza i biologia systemowa oferują niespotykane możliwości testowania głównych zasad biologii ewolucyjnej sformułowanych przez Darwina w O powstawaniu gatunków w 1859 roku i rozszerzonych sto lat później w ramach Nowoczesnej Syntezy. Badania w dziedzinie genomiki ewolucyjnej pokazują, że dobór naturalny stanowi tylko jedną z sił kształtujących ewolucję genomu i wcale nie występującą najczęściej, natomiast procesy nieadaptacyjne mają znacznie większe znaczenie niż wcześniej przypuszczano. Duży wkład horyzontalnego transferu genów i różnych samolubnych elementów genetycznych w ewolucję genomu podważa koncepcję drzewa życia. Adekwatny opis ewolucji wymaga bardziej złożonej koncepcji sieci lub „lasu” życia. Nie istnieje spójny trend ewolucji w kierunku większej złożoności genomowej, a kiedy złożoność wzrasta, wydaje się, że jest to raczej nieadaptacyjna konsekwencja ewolucji drogą słabego doboru oczyszczającego niż adaptacji. Odkryto rozmaite powszechniki ewolucji genomu, w tym niezmiennicze rozkłady tempa ewolucji pośród genów ortologowych z różnych genomów oraz rozmiarów rodzin genów paralogowych. Dostrzeżono też negatywną korelację między poziomem ekspresji genów a tempem ewolucji sekwencji. Niektóre z tych powszechników uzyskują wyjaśnienie dzięki zastosowaniu prostych, nieadaptacjonistycznych modeli ewolucji, co sugeruje, że w dość nieodległej przyszłości powstać może nowa synteza biologii ewolucyjnej.

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